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   2024
/  
 
(    , ++    )
 : 3   :75
:     ,            
           
-
1.       :
()    
(b)   - -
2.          ?        
              
   15
-
3.  ?        ?     
     
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4.   (  )         
   ?          

-
5.             
    
6.              :
-
7.             
 
8.   ? 15         

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   2024
/  
 
(    , ++    )
 : 3   :75
:     ,            
           
-
1.       :
()    
(b)   - -
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
           ,     ,
         ,         
         --     , 
    
     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           ?”     , 
     
󼩏󼩐󼩑   ?
     :
            ?”
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        :󷄧󷄫    
   ? 󷄧󷄬          ?
    : "         ?" 
    : "           ?"
      ,             
       ,            

  :
10          
10,00,000           
     ,              
󼾗󼾘󼾛󼾜󼾙󼾚         
                 
      ,          :
O(1) –   ( !)
O(log n) –   ( )
O(n) –   ()
O(n²) –   (    )
O(2ⁿ) –  !
         :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =   
󹲉󹲊󹲋󹲌󹲍:         :
     ,          
       
      ,    -    -
   
       
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󹴍󹴒󹴎󹴏󹴐󹴑      
                  :

 
   , , , 
    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               ?
  :
          ,    (
)     
           ,      
 
 ,            ,  
       
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃  
    : -  
        ?
             
        ,        
    -       
󼩺󼩻   ?
  :
-                
         -      ,  
   
,                
  !
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󽆤   
 1:   
            
     ( )     
           (     )
     ,   ,         
       !
 2:  
       -     ?    ,
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
      ,      
 3:  
               ?      
            
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸    ?
          :
 
  


 
 
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              ,    
,             :
   
      
       
               
        
󼫹󼫺 
󷄧󼿒   
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                
     :
  ()
  ( )
                 
󷄧󼿒 -
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           ,        

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ,     
,               
󷊻󷊼󷊽
     -   ,       
              
     ,            
             ,    
     
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2.          ?        
              
  
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
     ,           
,         ,      
  (     )             
 ,                 
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    :             -   
          ,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
          :
1.  :  ( ,   )  
2.  ( ) :         
-    :
c
struct Node {
int data; //    
struct Node* next; //     
};
        
     NULL     ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                    
          (     ),       
  ,    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
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  :        
- :               
   
  :          ,    

  ,          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼         
                  
 
  :
1.     
2.                  
  
3.                
      
4.      (C/C++    )
   :
c
  (  ** , ) {
//     
 (* == NULL)  ;
struct Node* temp = *head;
//      
 ( == 0) {
* = ->; //   
free(temp); //    
 ;
}
//             
for (int i = 0; temp != NULL && i < position - 1; i++) {
= ->;
}
//         
 (temp == NULL || temp->next == NULL)  ;
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//   temp->next        
struct Node* next = temp->next->next;
free(temp->next); //    
temp->next = next; //      
}
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
       :
 
 → [10 | ] → [20 | ] → [30 | ] → [40 | ] →
:
  10     
    20     
    30    
    40  
:  2      ( 30  )
-- :
1.  (10)   
2.  2            20  
3. 20        30      ( 40)  
4. 30        
  :
 
 → [10 | ] → [20 | ] → [40 | ] → 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,  30      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
                 ,     
          (  )   ,    
              ,    
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󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
 :     
 /:        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
 :           
 :  n     ;      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
               
  ,                  
              , 
  30             ,  
  
-
3.  ?        ?     
     
:  ?
                
   ,                , 
              
           :
LIFO –  ,  
  :
     ,      
             
        :

 
Easy2Siksha.com
    
   
   ,       ,       
 ,
                  TOP 
 
       ?
            
       :󷄧󷄫2󰊯 
     ,       
     
                
    TOP       ,   :
      ?
  ?
   ?
 ,     :
TOP = -1
       , TOP         , TOP  
 
    = 5

0
1
2
3
Easy2Siksha.com

4
 :
TOP = -1
 
  10  :
TOP = 0
  20  :
 = 1
   
   :  → 10 → 20 → 30 → 
 
    4     
1.   ()
PUSH            ,    
   
: 󷄧󷄫       ( ) 󷄧󷄬    , TOP3
     
        PUSH     ,    :

                   

   :
Easy2Siksha.com
[]
TOP = -1
5 
[5]
TOP = 0
10 
[5, 10]
 = 1
20 
[5, 10, 20]
 = 2
  20      
2.   ()
POP        ,          
: 󷄧󷄫      ( )󷄧󷄬TOP3      

          ,    :

:      
     
 :
[5, 10, 20]
 = 2
 → 20  
[5, 10]
 = 1
Easy2Siksha.com
 → 10  
[5]
TOP = 0
 → 5  
[]
TOP = -1
  
3.  /  
         
   :
[5, 10, 20]
 = 2
 :
20
                 
4. isEmpty()  isFull() 
    
isEmpty()
        TRUE  :
TOP == -1
isFull()
        TRUE  :
 ==   - 1
Easy2Siksha.com
   ,    
      
       :
1. 
2. 
3. 
     
   :
    ()
     :
      ()
 
  
              LIFO 
  
  ?
     ;            :
    
 
 / 
     
  
   (   )
          
 
 
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    
 ,   (LIFO)     
TOP        
          
 :
  
    
    
isEmpty / isFull →  
         
         
 
       ,      
              
   ,            
 ,       ,       
            
4.   (  )         
   ?          

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 ,   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
       ,          FIFO
( ,  )           ,  
 ,                   
    :            ,     
 ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,       ( )  

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  :                  ,
       ,       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
                 ,  
                   
     
 FIFO    
   :
o :      
o :      
         ,      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
              
1.  
         
,  ,    
       ,         
  :
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 1)%𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
 ,    :
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 + 1)%𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔%   ,         
2.   
             
           ,     
            
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
       :
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1.  ()
      
    ,    
:
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 1)%𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
2.  ()
     
   ,    
:
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 + 1)%𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
3.  ( )
        
4.  
          
:
(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 1)%𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 == 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡
5.  
       
:
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 == −1
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
    5     
 :
 
 = -1,  = -1
 = [ , , , , ]
 1: 10    
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 
 = 0,  = 0
 = [10, , , , ]
 2: 20    
 
 = 0,  = 1
 = [10, 20, , , ]
 3: 30    
 
 = 0,  = 2
 = [10, 20, 30, , ]
 4:    (10   )
 
 = 1,  = 2
 = [ , 20, 30, , ]
 5: 40, 50, 60    
40  50   :
 
 = 1,  = 4
 = [ , 20, 30, 40, 50 ]
 60  :   0   
 
 = 1,  = 0
 = [60, 20, 30, 40, 50]
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     0     :       
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
                  
     ,   :         
,                
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󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
     
           
         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
    
         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
                  
        ,        
       , , ,  
        
-
5.             
    
                  
   ?                ,
  -     ?  !       
 ,                  
         ,         ,  
             
               
          :
          -           
    :
      (      )
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       --
               :
5, 9, 12, 18, 23, 30, 45, 50
  23   
 1:  
 
 ,         
   18
 18, 23   ? 
      :
 23, 18     18    ?
 23  ,            ,    
    
    :
23, 30, 45, 50
 2:     
  
        
   30
 30, 23   ? 
 23, 30    ? !
     
    :
23
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 3:     
     
  23 ? !
      !
    
         :
1.            
2.     
3.    ,       
4.                  
    
   (  )
1.        
2.    
3.        
4.     !
5.           
6.          
7.             
    
                   

   :    ,   1,000          ,
      1,000      
        
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 :
1000 → 500 → 250 → 125 → 62 → 31 → 15 → 7 → 3 → 1
1000   ,      10   
 ,  ?
   :
O(log₂ n)
        -  ,     
  :
1,000     10 
1,000,000     20 
       
      :
O(1)
           (   ,   O(log
n)  )
   
      ,      :
1.    
             
   ,            
,  -      
2.          
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                 
       :
 
  
        
3.     
    ,          , 
 (, , ) 
4.       
     ,                

5.     
   -     (      ),  
   
    ?
                
     
    
     
       
          
    
           
       " " 
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 
                 
 ,   -           
O(log n)        ,          
 
,                 
           ,    ,  
             
6.              :
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 ,   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
              
   ,       ,       
   ,          , 
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :          ,  -
            
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   ?
   -             
(      )  -         

:       
:             
 :       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 " "       ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-- 
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1.     
2.            
3.         
4.             
5.          
:
c
i = 0  n-1 :
  = i
j = i+1  n :
 arr[j] < arr[min_index]:
  = 
(arr[i], arr[min_index])
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
      :
 
[64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
               
 1:
 : [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
      11 
  64   11 
: [11, 25, 12, 22, 64]
 2:
 : [11, 25, 12, 22, 64]
  [25, 12, 22, 64]      12 
12 25  
: [11, 12, 25, 22, 64]
 3:
 : [11, 12, 25, 22, 64]
[25, 22, 64]      22 
22 25  
: [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]
Easy2Siksha.com
 4:
 : [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]
[25, 64]      25
25    (   )
: [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]
 5:
     (64),       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :
 
[11, 12, 22, 25, 64]
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
               
    ,             
    ,             
                  
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1.  :
o  :𝑂(𝑛
2
)
o   :𝑂(𝑛
2
)
o  :𝑂(𝑛
2
)󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
   
2.  :
o 𝑂(1)(- ,      )
3. :
o   (       )
4. :
o      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
  
        
       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
Easy2Siksha.com
        𝑂(𝑛
2
)
  ,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
 [29, 10, 14, 37, 13]  
 :    10  29   → [10, 29, 14, 37, 13]
 2: [29, 14, 37, 13]      13  29   → [10, 13, 14, 37,
29]
 3: [14, 37, 29]      14      → [10, 13, 14, 37, 29]
 4: [37, 29]      29   37   → [10, 13, 14, 29, 37]
 5:      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : [10, 13, 14, 29, 37]
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
           -     
           ,    
           
-
7.             

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      ?
                    ,
   -      :
󷄧󷄫    -  󷄧󷄬   -   
       
,          
  :
         -     
     
Easy2Siksha.com
󷊆󷊇       ?
        :
             
                
            
   ...       -  
     -           , 
     -    , :
addTwoNumbers()
addThreeNumbers()
addFloatNumbers()
       :
add()
add()
add()
,      
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸    
           
      
 -    (//)
              
               
󹶆󹶚󹶈󹶉   C++    
       -      
#include <iostream>
  std;
   {
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:
//     
int add(int a, int b) {
a + b  ;
}
//      
int add(int a, int b, int c) {
a + b + c  ;
}
//       
    (  ,   ) {
a + b  ;
}
};
int main() {
  c;
cout << "2    : " << c.add(10, 20) << endl;
cout << "3    : " << c.add(10, 20, 30) << endl;
cout << "     : " << c.add(5.5f, 4.5f) << endl;
0  ;
}
󼩏󼩐󼩑  ?
      add()       
:
 add() → 2   
 add() → 3   
 add() → 2     
      ,    -    
  :
    :
c.add(10, 20);
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   :
int add(int, int)
    :
c.add(10, 20, 30);
   :
int add(int, int, int)
    :
c.add(5.5f, 4.5f);
   :
float add(float, float)
      
󼩺󼩻     
                -
   -     
     :
 {
:
  (  ) {
 << " : " <<  ;
}
 ( ) {
cout << " : " << ;
}
  (  ,  ) {
 << " : " <<  ;
cout << ": " << ;
}
};
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, ()          :
  
   
     
   ,        
󷇮󷇭     
             :
   
  
 
  
  
- 
     :
   
       
       
  ( ,  )      
󽁔󽁕󽁖    
             :
int test(){
10  ;
}
float test(){
10.5  ;
}
               
  — “    ?”
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 :
 -         
󼫹󼫺  (   )
                  
   -      
 -     
    ,    ,       
     
         
      
󽇐 - 
                 -
       ,     - 

8.   ?          

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
  -   (OOP)    ,      
        ,   -      ,
  ,               :  ,
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :              ,
           
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  ?
    (OOP)          (   
   )   (       )  
   
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 ():       
  ():          
    
  
 ""          ,  
     
,    ""   ,     ""   
    ,           (   
 )
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.  :        
2.  :       ,    
 
3.  :           
4.  :          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
                 
  
            
,                 
(        )
   
                 
             ,   ,   
       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   ()
            :

#   1
 :
():
("  :  ")
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#   2
 :
():
("  : ")
#        
  (, ):
 ():
 ("  : ")
#   
c = Child()
c.skill() #      ?
c.talent()
:
 
  :
 
  : 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      -         -  
   ()    ,      (MRO)  
   - () 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
         
:
/ \

\ /

 D, B  C      
         
 D, A      ,       
 B  C          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔-   -     :
Easy2Siksha.com
C++:           
:        (MRO)     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.  : :          :   
 
2. :           
3.  :         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1. :      
2.  :          
3.    :    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
                 
           -  " " -
   ,               
                 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼C++  
#include <iostream>
  std;
  {
:
 () {
cout << "  : " << ;
}
};
  {
:
 () {
 << "  : " << ;
}
};
  :  ,   {
:
 () {
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cout << "  : " << endl;
}
};
int main() {
 c;
c.::(); //   
.::();
.();
0  ;
}
:
 
  : 
  : 
  : 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔C++ ,                , 
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
-        ,      :
             
 ,              
            -   
         -    , 
                
             
       ,       